Journal Entry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Journal Entry - Essay Example This essay discusses that the patients had to be given a bath and medications at the appropriate time. In addition, patients needed someone they could talk to about their fears and families. Nurses should endeavor to provide high-quality care for their patients.  This essay discusses that the patients had to be given a bath and medications at the appropriate time. In addition, patients needed someone they could talk to about their fears and families. Nurses should endeavor to provide high-quality care for their patients.   As a person, I have always demonstrated a lot of patience and understanding. One of the reasons for joining the nursing profession was as a result of the empathy that I feel towards people who are suffering. This enabled me to understand that the demanding nature of the patient was as a result of the fears that he had. For example, it was evident that he feared being separated from his family. I was able to empathize with him because I have seen people close to me behave in a stubborn manner an attempt to mask their fears.   An encounter with a teenage girl who was about to deliver a baby helped to change my worldview about the use of contraceptives and abortion among teenagers. I have always believed that teenagers should not have access to contraceptives because it encourages them to engage in sex when they are not prepared to handle the consequences. Moreover, I used to have conservative views about abortion. However, the patient revealed that had it not been for the support of her family, then she would have been forced to terminate the pregnancy because she realized that a baby would significantly affect her ability to realize her dreams. In addition, she regretted not having been educated about the use of contraceptives.                    Ã‚  

African American Literature Essay Example for Free

African American Literature Essay African American literature has a strong deeply rooted background in the history of America, thus giving the writers categorized in this genre a strong message to convey in any story they chose to tell. From tragic life moments to happy life moments, the writers have the ability to tell their story in a variety of methods. This canon of literature serves as a diary for the African American community. All of the literary works that compile this genre reflect the many twists and turns a collective group of persons must endure while struggling to achieve a place in history. The following discussion of three historically significant African American stories reflects the struggles one race of persons had to endure on their journey throughout various time periods in America. The Short Stories In the short story, My White Folks Treated us Good by Mariah Hines the author describes in first person account of a situation when African American slaves were treated well in comparison to the stories of abuse, rape, and neglect most persons are accustom to reading from this era. The slaves never went hungry, always had clothes to wear, were able to work under their own accord, always treated with respect, and were told to take Sundays off while also being encouraged to attend church on Sundays. The slaves were in fact treated so well that when they were free to leave, they choose to remain at their former master’s farm and continued working for him. Hines concluded the Master continued to support his former slaves. Hines stated â€Å"Master helped us much as he could. Some of us he gave a cow or mule or anything he could spare to help us (p. 34). † Moving forward in time, the short story Sweat by Zora Neale Hurston describes a situation of domestic abuse in a long term relationship between a wife, Delia Jones, and her husband, Sykes Jones. Sykes enjoyed torturing Delia, he would find ways to make her job as a washwoman more difficult by kicking the clothes across the room or by scaring her with ways related to her fear of snakes. Sykes enjoyed fighting; he in fact enjoyed it so much so that he intentionally picked fights with Delia. This type of torture strained their marriage to the point of near silence on a daily basis. Sykes thought it to be a good idea to bring a rattlesnake into their home. The rattlesnake got lose in the home, Delia was able to get outside the home but Sykes remained in the home and was attacked in their bedroom. Sykes yelled to Delia for help and comfort, but she was unable to come to him related to fear. Delia finally walked to the door, but due to the nature of his injuries and the distance to the doctor she understood he would not make it through this attack, therefore she allowed him to pass in their backyard. â€Å"She could scarcely reach the chinaberry tree, where she waited in the growing heat while inside she knew the cold river was creeping up and up to extinguish that eye which much known by now that she knew (p. 108). † This story shows how those who choose to abuse others always pay for those actions in the end. Alice Walker wrote the story Nineteen Fifty-Five, about a young white singer, Traynor, who purchased a song from a young African American woman, Gracie Mae, and went on to become famous after recording and releasing his own version. His version of Gracie Mae’s song continued to eat away at Gracie Mae for the rest of her life. It did not have the same meaning, nor was it loved by his fans for the same reasons she hoped it would be. The fans loved Traynor, not the song. Traynor continued to keep in contact with Gracie Mae throughout his time in the army, touring, marriages, and divorces. Then towards after many years, contact stopped and Traynor was found dead after 15 wives and a troubled road in the end. Gracie Mae lived vicariously through Traynor and his portrayal of her song. Gracie Mae herself lived quite happily through the birth of many children, the divorce and/or death of three husbands, the showering of gifts from Traynor, and his ultimate death. Gracie Mae did have a connection to Traynor that flowed deeper than her song. â€Å"One night I dreamed Traynor has split up with his fifteenth wife p. 297). † Due to the stereotypes and prejudices of this time period Gracie Mae and Traynor were never able to express the emotional connection they felt between each other. Common Literary Conventions Literary conventions and themes were similar in the stories; connotations, culture, undertones, and main characters were alike. The three stories were written in first person and portrayed a personal struggle endured by each main character. The main character was always female, strong, and independent in different way. The stories span three different periods of time, yet still reflecting similar struggles in very different settings. These conventions are important when connecting the messages of these stories. Each has a story of struggle, some are internal while others are outward, and each woman must find inner strength to change or cope with their situations. Beginning with My White Folks Treated us Good, this story was historically important in relation to conveying the happiness that could be found in such a dire situation as slavery. Hines showed not all slavery conditions were adverse or abusive; there was still the possibility of enjoying life, and gaining independence by getting the break needed, such as the freeing of all slaves, to make one’s own life better. In Sweat, Hurstson was able write a story about a woman able to persevere in a dreadful situation of both mental and physical abuse. During this time in history, women were not able to be independent and outspoken due to a fear of judgment or increased abuse. Delia was given the chance to be free from the abuses of Sykes and took that chance by allowing him to die from his injuries, thus resulting in her freedom. Following in the same suit, Nineteen Fifty-Five expressed the internal struggle of a woman’s desire to be understood and independent. Gracie Mae wanted to sing her own song and live her own life, without connection to a version of her song that did not represent the original intent. Gracie Mae was happy with her life, but was never free from what the release of her song brought to her life. Conclusion Culturally, these stories are important to all American’s. The historical significance of these stories and the emphasis on equality places a connotation of acceptance and availability of equal opportunity to all persons regardless of color, social class, age, race, gender, or personal situation. African Americans are able to tell their personal stories of struggles and triumphs through literature. This literature is a valuable tool for all persons wanting to educate themselves about significant times in American history. References Young, A. (1996). African American Literature: A brief Introduction and Anthology. New York, New York: HarperCollins College Publishers.

Should Plea Bargaining be Abolished? Essay -- Pros and Cons of Plea Ba

Being a citizen of the United States comes with advantages that no other country can match. We are granted rights and privileges just for being born within our borders. Others can also gain these rights by adopting our way of life and swearing to uphold its values. Being a citizen or not, we are expected to obey laws that the U.S. Government has put in place to maintain order and balance. When we don’t obey these laws the government has the right to punish us. Luckily for us, our Bill of Rights has even granted us rights until proven guilty. It gives us rights to a fair and speedy trial as well as the right to representation during trial. So many rights and procedures have come about since the birth of our nation. We are constantly making new rules to help uphold the old rules and deciding if the old rules still apply. One practice that has been used during trial has no mention in the Bill of Rights, but has been held as constitutional is plea-bargaining.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The plea bargain was a tool rarely used before the 19th century in prosecution. â€Å"In America, it can be traced almost to the very emergence of public prosecution, although not exclusive to the U.S., developed earlier and more broadly here than most places.† Plea-bargaining was limited because judges controlled most sentencing. Judges did not appreciate the workload relief until personal injury cases skyrocketed during the industrial era.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A plea bargain can be defined as, â€Å"a negotiation between the defendant and his attorney on one side and the prosecutor on the other, in which the defendant agrees to plead â€Å"guilty† or â€Å"no contest† to some crimes, in return for reduction of the severity of the charges, dismissal of some of the charges, the prosecutor’s willingness to recommend a particular sentence or some other benefit to the defendant. Sometimes one element of the bargain is that the defendant reveal information such as location of stolen goods, names of others participating in the crime or admission of other crimes. The judge must agree to the result of the plea bargain before accepting the plea. If he does not, then the bargain is cancelled.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One could wonder why plea bargains are even made. One reason would be that criminal courts are becoming clogged and overcrowded. Going through the proper procedure and processes that we are granted takes time. Trials can take anywhere from days to... ...caseloads, and more often than most realize they may plea-bargain a case that in fact should be prosecuted. I have no intentions of trying to judge their actions, simply because I truly appreciate the position they are in.† Bibliography ABA Division for Public Education: Steps in a Trial: Plea Bargaining. Sept. 25, 2004 http://www.abanet.org/publiced/courts/pleabargaining.html CNN.com - Ashcroft's new charging, plea bargaining, and sentencing Oct. 3, 2003 http://www.cnn.com/2003/LAW/10/03/findlaw.analysis.lazarus.ashcroft/ Defendants' Incentives for Accepting Plea Bargains. Sept. 25, 2004 http://www.nolo.com/lawcenter/ency/article. Ellis, Michael. â€Å"Message no. 5921.† Sept. 11, 2004 http://www.saintleodl.eduprise.com Plea Bargain. Sept. 25, 2004 http://dictionary.law.com/definition2. Plea Bargaining Sept. 29, 2002. http://www.truthinjustice.org/bargaining.htm Plea Bargaining: An Unconstitutional Delegation of Judicial Power. Sept. 25, 2004 http://www.lawmall.com/pleabarg/ Plea Bargaining Nov 24, 1992 http://www.bronxda.net/fcrime/plea.htm Plea Bargains: Why and When They're Made . Sept. 25, 2004 http://www.nolo.com/lawcenter/ency/article

Think Before Speaking Essays -- George Orwell, Animal Farm

The author George Orwell earned a reputation for standing apart and making a virtue of his detachment. In 1948, he created an image of communist Russia in the form of animals. Orwell’s book, Animal Farm, depicts this huge allegory. Animal Farm tells the story of a farmer overthrown by his animals who then take over the farm. The animals want an anti-human-like society with equality for all. When the pigs become more and more like humans with a social hierarchy, the farm’s society is destroyed. The ignorance of other animals leads to the pigs’ oppressing others. The author Will Rogers once stated, â€Å"When ignorance gets started it has no bounds.† The ignorance of a horse, a donkey, and the sheep play an enormous part in their suppression by the pigs in Animal Farm. When a horse named Benjamin becomes unaware of actions going on on the farm he tends to lean on the leader Napoleon’s opinions for support. After the animals were slaughtered, Boxer said, â€Å"I do not understand it. I would have believed that such things could happen on our farm. It must be due to some fault in ourselves. The solution, as I see it, is to work harder.† (Orwell 85). By ignoring the fact that many of his fellow animals were harmed, Boxer is showing that he does not understand the reason of the slaughtering. The real reason for the animals being killed is because of them opposing the pigs. The pigs could simply execute additional animals for a second time without Boxer and other animals not knowing the motive. A different time Boxer shows that he lacks knowledge is when he only takes Napoleon’s opinion as an answer to difficult questions. Boxer states, â€Å"If Comrade Napoleon says it, it must be right.† (Orwell 56). This is Boxer’s response towards eliminating ... ...en interrupted the Meeting with this. It was noticed that they were especially liable to break into `four legs good, two legs bad` at crucial moments in Snowball’s speeches (Orwell 47, 48). The sheep’s only saying to support their opinion was â€Å"Four legs good, two legs bad.† Rather than, making speeches and creating debates the sheep only yelped one saying in their support. Bottom line- ignorance leads to oppression. Why is this important? By using Animal Farm to represent communist Russia Orwell showed that ignorance and oppression are still present in the modern world. Boxer’s, the hens’, and the sheep’s lack of knowledge is still present today. To stop oppression through ignorance all should think before they act or speak. Oppression through Ignorance can be stopped if all notice how much power they have in their hands. Works Cited Orwell, George Animal Farm

Dell Company Background Essay

DELL is a multinational information technology corporation based in Round Rock, Texas, United States, that develops, sells and supports computers and related products and services. Bearing the name of its founder, Michael Dell, the company is one of the largest technological corporations in the world, employing more than 96,000 people worldwide. Dell had 46,000 employees as of Jan. 30. About 22,200 of those, or 48.3 percent, were in the United States, while 23,800 people, or 51.7 percent, worked in other countries, according to a filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission.[citation needed] Dell is listed on the Fortune 500 (2010). Fortune also lists Dell as the most admired company in its industry. Dell has grown by both organic and inorganic means since its inception—notable mergers and acquisitions including Alienware (2006) and Perot Systems (2009). As of 2009, the company sold personal computers, servers, data storage devices, network switches, software, and computer peripherals. Dell also sells HDTVs, cameras, printers, MP3 players and other electronics built by other manufacturers. The company is well known for its innovations in supply chain management and electronic commerce. On May 3, 2010, Fortune Magazine listed Dell as the 38th largest company in the United States and the 5th largest company in Texas by total revenue. It is the 2nd largest non-oil company in Texas (behind AT&T) and the largest company in the Austin area. DELL SWOT Analysis Strength †¢ Customer oriented marketing strategies. †¢ Well-Known for online selling of Computers. †¢ Listed in the fortune 500 companies as the 25th largest company. †¢ Dell Company employs more than 76000 thousand people. †¢ Provide quality PCs, Laptops and computer peripherals at low price. †¢ Low manufacturing cost. †¢ Dell offer computers with AMD and Dell processor. †¢ Dell has nine of manufacturing plants. †¢ Offer wide range of PC, Server, Laptops, Monitors and LCDs, Data storage devices, network switches and software. †¢ Dell built computer on customer provided specifications. †¢ Dell always keen to embed latest technology in its products. †¢ It has a reliable support and service. †¢ The company website at least receives 25 million visits. †¢ Efficient Inventory management. †¢ Dell became the first company in the information technology industry to establish a product-recycling goal. Weaknesses †¢Elimination of bonuses in 2006 to increase the company financial performance. †¢ Closure of Dell’s biggest call center in April, 2003 terminating 1100 employees. †¢ On January 8, 2009 Dell announced the closing of its manufacturing plant in Limerick, Ireland with the loss of 1,900 jobs and the shift of production to its plant in Poland. †¢ Dell not able to attract the students of schools and colleges, this segment earn only 5% of total revenues. †¢ Lot of criticism against the Dell’s claim of world’s most secured notebooks. †¢ Dell willingly discontinued the â€Å"world’s most secure laptops† advertisement after the declaration of the NAD investigation. †¢ Dell have no proprietary technology, the currently used technology by dell are shared by the other major competitors. †¢ Dell is dependent on its suppliers Opportunities †¢ India, Pakistan and Bangladesh are the untapped markets. †¢ Market penetration in education and Government markets. †¢ Cost reduction in latest technology. †¢ Partnership or acquiring of suppliers. †¢ Dell has opportunity to sell computer directly to retailers. Threats †¢ Fluctuation in currency outside US. †¢ Major competitors in the market. †¢ Most of the countries are hit by recession which may result in the reduction of revenues. †¢ Government Policies. †¢ Bargaining of Suppliers. †¢ Rapid change in technology obsoletes the product in small span of time. †¢ Aggressive marketing by competitors.

America discovery essays

America discovery essays The discovery of the Americas was originally and accident. It was thought that the new world was the Eastern Indies, which is why Native Americans are called Indians. Even though Columbus set out to find a new route to the Indies to find riches, the later colonies werent necessarily looking to get rich. The biggest motivation for founding the English colonies was for religious freedom. The Roman Catholics took the journey because protestant Englands persecution, some separatists Christians sailed to keep their religion pure, and the protestant Germans fled due to oppression in the mother country. Maryland was founded by Lord Baltimore, who belonged to a prominent English Catholic family, though he set Maryland up partially for a profit, he also set it up as a refuge for his fellow Catholics because the Protestant England was still persecuting Catholics. One of the numerous discriminations was that a couple could not be legally married by a Catholic priest. After arriving in Maryland tension between the Catholics and Protestants grew, forcing the Catholics to throw up their support for the Act of Toleration for all Christians. King Henry VIII broke his ties with the Roman Catholic church, and proclaimed himself the head of the church of England, his actions made some religious reformers undertake a total purification of Christianity, as they took the name Puritans. Puritans grew unhappy with the slow progress of the protestant reformation in England, so a small group vowed to break away entirely from the church of England, they became known as separatists. King James thought that if his subjects thought they could defy him as a spiritual leader, they would soon defy him as their political leader as well, so he chased them out of his land. With no place to go the separatist fled to Holland, but didnt like the Dutchification of their children that followe...

Answer Key Essay Example

Answer Key Essay Example Answer Key Essay Answer Key Essay Professor Mumford [emailprotected] edu Econ 360 Fall 2012 Problem Set 1 Answers True/False (30 points) 1. FALSE If (ai , bi ) : i = 1, 2, . . . , n and (xi , yi ) : i = 1, 2,  ·  ·  · , n are sets of n pairs of numbers, then: n n n (ai xi + bi yi ) = i=1 i=1 ai x i + i=1 bi yi 2. FALSE If xi : i = 1, 2, . . . , n is a set of n numbers, then: n n n n n (xi ? x) = ? i=1 n i=1 2 x2 i ? 2? x i=1 xi + i=1 x = ? i=1 2 x2 ? n? 2 x i where x = ? 1 n i=1 xi 3. TRUE If xi : i = 1, 2, . . . , n is a set of n numbers and a is a constant, then: n n a xi = a i=1 n i=1 xi = a n x ? here x = ? 1 n i=1 xi 4. FALSE If X and Y are independent random variables then: E (Y |X) = E (Y ) 1 5. TRUE If {a1 , a2 , . . . , an } are constants and {X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn } are random variables then: n n E i=1 ai X i = i=1 ai E (Xi ) 6. FALSE For a random variable X, let  µ = E (X). The variance of X can be expressed as: V ar(X) = E X 2 ?  µ2 7. TRUE For random variables Y and X, the variance of Y conditi onal on X = x is given by: V ar(Y |X = x) = E Y 2 |x ? [E (Y |x)]2 8. TRUE An estimator, W , of ? is an unbiased estimator if E (W ) = ? for all possible values of ?. 9. FALSE The central limit theorem states that the average from a random sample for any population (with ? nite variance) when it is standardized, by subtracting the mean and then dividing by the standard deviation, has an asymptotic standard normal distribution. 10. TRUE The law of large numbers states that if X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn are independent, identically distributed random variables with mean  µ, then ? plim Xn =  µ 2 Multiple Choice Questions (a) ceteris paribus (b) correlation (c) causal e? ect (d) independence (20 points) 11. The idea of holding â€Å"all else equal† is known as 12. If our dataset has one observation for every state for the year 2000, then our dataset is (a) cross-sectional data (b) pooled cross-sectional data (c) time series data (d) panel data 13. If our dataset has one observation for every state for the year 2000 and another observation for each state in 2005, then our dataset is (a) cross-sectional data (b) pooled cross-sectional data (c) time series data (d) panel data 14. If our dataset has one observation for the state of Indiana each year from 1950-2005 then our dataset is (a) cross-sectional data (b) pooled cross-sectional data (c) time series data (d) panel data 15. Consider the function f (X, Y ) = (aX + bY )2 . What is (a) 2aX (b) a(aX + bY ) (c) 2a(aX + bY ) (d) a2 X ? f (X,Y ) ? X 3 Long Answer Questions (50 points) 16. The sum of squared deviations (subtracting the average value of x from each observation on x) is the sum of the squared xi minus n times the square of x. There are ? several ways to show this, here is one: n n xi (xi ? x) ? i=1 = i=1 n (xi ? x + x) (xi ? x) ? ? ? n = i=1 n (xi ? x) (xi ? x) + ? ? i=1 n x (xi ? x) ? ? = i=1 (xi ? x)2 + x ? ? i=1 n (xi ? x) ? (xi ? x) = 0, so ? and we know that i=1 n i=1 (xi ? x)2 ? 17. There are several ways to show that this expression equals the sample covariance between x and y, here is one: n n xi (yi ? y ) ? i=1 = i=1 n (xi ? x + x) (yi ? y ) ? ? ? n = i=1 n (xi ? x) (yi ? y ) + x ? ? ? i=1 (yi ? y ) ? = i=1 (xi ? x) (yi ? y ) ? ? 18. Correlation and causation are not always the same thing. (a) A negative correlation means that larger class size is associated with lower test performance. This could be because the relationship is causal meaning that having a larger class size actually hurts student performance. However, there are other reasons we might ? nd a negative relationship. For example, children from more a? uent families might be more likely to attend schools with smaller class sizes, and a? uent children generally score better on standardized tests. Another possibility is that within a school, a principal might assign the better students to smaller classes. Or, some parents might insist that their children are in the smaller classes, and these same parents tend to be more involved in their children’s education. Given the potential for confounding factors such as these, ? ding a negative correlation between class size and test scores is not strong evidence that smaller 4 class sizes actually lead to better performance. Thus, without other information, we cannot draw a meaningful economic conclusions. A correct answer should explain that we should be careful about drawing economic conclusions from simple correlations. (b) The sample correlation between N and T is de? ned as: s rN T = N T sN sT where the sample covariance, sN T , is given by: sN T = 1 999 1000 ? Ni ? N i=1 ? Ti ? T and the sample standard deviations are given by: sN = 1 999 1000 Ni ? N i=1 2 sT = 1 999 1000 ? Ti ? T i=1 2 Note that there are several alternative ways to write this and statistical programs generally use other algorithms to calculate the correlation that are less prone to loss of precision due to roundo? error or storage over? ow. 19. Wage data (a) There are 526 observations. (b) There are 274 men in the sample. This means that the sample is 52. 09 percent male. (c) The average level of education in the sample is 12. 6 years. The median level of education is 12 years. (d) The highest education level in the sample is 18 years of school. 9 people in the sample report having 18 years of education. (e) The average hourly wage in the sample is $5. 90. The median hourly wage in the sample is $4. 65. 20. Fertility data (a) There are 363 women in the sample. (b) The average number of children ever born to a woman in the sample is 2. 3. The median number is 2. (c) The largest number of children ever born to a woman in the sample 7. Six women report having seven children. (d) 25 percent of the sample lived in the eastern United States at age 16. (e) The average level of eduction in the sample is 13. 2 years. 5

Celebrating Black History Month

Celebrating Black History Month While the accomplishments of African-Americans should be celebrated all year long, February is the month when we focus on their contributions to American society. Why We Celebrate Black History Month The roots of Black History month can be traced to the early part of the 20th century. In 1925, Carter G. Woodson, an educator and historian, began campaigning among schools, journals and black newspapers calling for a Negro History Week to be celebrated. This would honor the importance of black achievement and contribution in the United States. He was able to institute this Negro History Week in 1926 during the second week of February. This time was chosen because Abraham Lincolns and Frederick Douglass birthdays occurred then. Woodson was awarded the Springarn Medal from the NAACP for his accomplishment. In 1976, Negro History Week turned into Black History Month which we celebrate today. Read more about Carter Woodson. African Origins It is important for students not only to understand recent history concerning African-Americans, but also to understand their past. Before Great Britain made it illegal for the colonists to be involved in the slave trade, between 600,000 and 650,000 Africans were forcibly brought to America. They were transported across the Atlantic and sold into forced labor for the rest of their lives, leaving family and home behind. As teachers, we should not only teach about the horrors of slavery, but also about the African origin of the African-Americans who live in America today. Slavery has existed throughout the world since ancient times. However, one big difference between slavery in many cultures and the slavery that was experienced in America was that while slaves in other cultures could gain freedom and become part of society, African-Americans did not have that luxury. Because almost all of the Africans on American soil were slaves, it was extremely hard for any black person who had gained freedom to be accepted into society. Even after slavery was abolished following the Civil War, black Americans had a difficult time of being accepted into society. Here are some resources to use with students: SlaveryAfricaCivil WarCivil War Photos Civil Rights Movement The barriers facing African-Americans after the Civil War were numerous, especially in the South. Jim Crow Laws such as Literacy Tests and Grandfather Clauses kept them from voting in many southern states. Further, the Supreme Court ruled that separate was equal and therefore blacks could legally be forced to ride in separate rail cars and attend different schools than whites. It was impossible for blacks to achieve equality in this atmosphere, especially in the South. Eventually, the hardships that African-Americans faced became overwhelming and led to the Civil Rights Movement. Despite the efforts of individuals such as Martin Luther King, Jr., racism still exists today in America. As teachers, we need to fight against this with the best tool we have, education. We can enhance students views of African-Americans by stressing the numerous contributions they have given to American society. Civil Rights MovementMartin Luther King, Jr. Biography Contributions of African-Americans African-Americans have affected the culture and history of the United States in innumerable ways. We can teach our students about these contributions in many areas including: Music - e.g., Billy Holiday, Ella Fitzgerald, Duke Ellington, Jazz, Rhythm and BluesArt - e.g., Sargent Johnson, Palmer Hayden, Aaron DouglassLiterature - e.g., Ralph Ellison, Maya Angelou, Richard WrightScience - e.g., George Washington Carver, Granville T. Woods, Garrett Morgan The Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s is ripe for exploration. Students could create a museum of the accomplishments to increase awareness for the rest of the school and community. Online Activites One way to get your students interested in learning more about African-Americans, their history and culture is to utilize the many great online activities that are available. You can find web quests, online field trips, interactive quizzes and more here. Check out Integrating Technology Into the Classroom to get tips on how to get the most out of technology today.

Garrowby Hill by David Hockney Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Garrowby Hill by David Hockney - Essay Example The essay "Garrowby Hill by David Hockney" explores the life and works of British artist David Hockney, keeping the main focus on the canvas â€Å"Garrowby Hill†. It is really a hedonist canvas every inch of its surface. Our eyes can’t get away the winding road that seems to be moving by itself. The sense of movement is present in all the canvas as its dynamic composition suggests. The vibrant colors give life to the painting, and we feel a joyous vibration of optimism when we stare quietly at â€Å"Garrowby Hill† by David Hockney. The blue curved street on the foreground goes happily deep into the background where we lose sight of it. There is a lonely pine tree at the left side of the foreground. On the other side there is a line of trees going along the road. The geometrical fields are intelligently placed. Green is the predominant color as it is the color of Nature. But coloring in this painting has a deliberate sense of humor, of sensuality, springing from a free-spirited soul. It is obvious that this is not a realist canvas as its coloring and its imagery are a product of the artist’s imagination along a more interpretative line of painting. David Hockney was born in Bradford, Yorkshire, England, in 1937. He is a painter, draftsman, printmaker, photographer, and designer. He attended Bradford School of Art from 1953 to 1959. Later on he was an outstanding student at the Royal College of Art, where he studied from 1959 to 1962. At the beginning of his career, he used to do abstract painting.

Develop an understanding of the nursing process from admission through Assignment

Develop an understanding of the nursing process from admission through to discharge of a client in a health care facility - Assignment Example 3 years down the line showed a history of Seth losing weight, developing persistent fever that lasted for over a month, oral thrush, plus developing generalized lymphadenopathy (Kathy & Stolley 2009, p. 34). Seth became screened for HIV when he was 11 years and found to be serologically reactive. His parents due to their religious and cultural beliefs had difficulties in accepting the status of their child plus he was their only son. The parents were emotional depressed, following Seth diagnosis and found no happiness in seeing him go through the sickness. Seth had in the recent week been started on Septrin in an attempt to reduce recurrences of bacterial infections. Later, Seth developed an allergic rash all over his body to the medication and his parents brought him to the hospital. On admission, Seth remained sick looking, depressed and withdrawn. The nurse in charge that knew his condition took control of the situation by warmly welcoming the parents and inviting them to a private room. A physical examination became done and found out that she had high temperatures of 38. 2 degrees Celsius. His mother also added in Seth’s history that the boy had difficulties in sleeping due to the high temperatures thereby improvising to sleeping on wet towels in order to control his body temperature. In addition, the nurse explained to the parents the importance of a CD4 count test. Later a test became done and found the boy’s CD4 count to be 300 cells per microliters (Kathy & Stolley 2009, p. 34). Seth became hospitalized in the paediatric ward in order to manage her allergic rash following Septrin use. The nurse admitted the patient and later took the child and a room where his parent’s would constantly visit him. In addition, his room was self sufficient and had television to keep him entertained when his parent’s were working. Through guidance

Mutations of Drosophila Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mutations of Drosophila - Lab Report Example Life cycle of drosophila, from the egg stage to adult stage lasts for ten days at room temperature. Eggs are laid and hatched into first instars larvae. The larvae feed voraciously on the culture medium provided, and undergo several instars stages and finally the third instars larvae crawls up the sides of the bottle away from the culture medium. At this stage they stop and their larval cuticle hardens to form a dark brown pupa. Metamorphosis then takes place during this pupal stage, and larvae tissues disintegrate and restructure to form an adult fly within the pupal case. Adult fly thereafter emerge from the pupal case immediately the metamorphosis stage is completed. Wings then expand and dry up, the abdomen becomes curved while the body color becomes darker. Distinctions between male drosophila from female drosophila i. The male drosophila has a small, densely packed tuft of bristles called sex comb on the first pair of appendages, and a fringe of black bristle on the forelegs ii. Tips of the abdomen are elongated and somehow pointed in female drosophila and more rounded in male drosophila. iii. Abdomen of the female drosophila has many segments (7 in number), as compared to male drosophila with only five (5) segments. In this case study, the normal fly was categorized as a wild type while the other type of fly exhibiting a phenotypic mutation was categorized as mutants. Mutants were given names that denoted the type of mutation the fly exhibits. For instance, the mutant ebony had a much darker body than the wild type fly. Construction of a chromosome map in Drosophila A chromosome map was constructed form three breeding results using testcrosses that involved flies heterozygous at more than one locus, and taking into account the frequencies of crossover between the loci. Three loci on the second chromosome, an auto some, was chosen to for this experiment for the effect of body color, wing size, and eye color. Each locus had a wild type and mutant allele whose traits were as listed on the table below: Characteristic Chromosome Genes Body Color X Y = yellow body W= white eye V = vermilion (bright orange-red eye) M = miniature wings (wings go only to tip of abdomen) B = bar eyes (Semi-dominant in fem ale) narrow eye plus some double x-chromosomes mutants Wing shape 2 Ap = apterous (wingless) Dp = bumpy wings Vg = vestigial wings Bw = brown eye (dark red eye) Eye Color 3 Se = sepia eye (dark red eye) E = ebony body (dark body) Cross 1 Punnett square F1s CnBw Cnbw cnBw cnbw CnBw CnCn, BwBw CnCn, Bwbw Cncn, BwBw Cncn, Bwbw Cnbw CnCn, Bwbw CnCn, bwbw Cncn, BwBw Cncn, bwbw cnBw Cncn, BwBw Cncn, Bwbw cncn, BwBw cncn, Bwbw cnbw Cncn, Bwbw Cncn, bwbw cncn, Bwbw cncn, bwbw From the table above, a di-hybrid cross of each of the F1 parents produced four different gamete types contributing to 16 (4x4) possible offspring combinations. Because of the two different traits shown in the table above, there is complete dominance and separate independent of each other, and the expected genotypic and phenotypic rations from this analysis calculated is to be 9:3:3:1. It was examined that the inheritance of eyes color and wing shape by crossing two pure breeding straits of Drosophila melanogastern. Ph enotypes of the progeny are as shown below: Phenotypes Number of progeny Males Females Total Brown eyes 46 29 75 Red eyes 29 10 39 Orange eyes 18 7 25 139 Cross 2 DpX^wm DpX^wm dpX^wm dpX^wm DpX^wm DpDp,X^wmX^wm DpDp,X^wmX^wm Dpdp,X^wmX^wm Dpdp,X^wmX^wm DpY DpDp, X^wmY DpDp,X^wmY Dpdp, X^wmY Dpdp, X^wmY dpX^wm Dpdp,X^wmX^wm Dpdp,X^wmX^wm dpdp, X^wmX^wm dpdp,X^wmX^wm dpY Dpdp, X^wmY Dpdp

How to Criticize Up and Down Your Organization and Make It Pay Off Essay

How to Criticize Up and Down Your Organization and Make It Pay Off - Essay Example That said, Weisinger points out that criticism is necessary for growth. For instance, Weisinger (1989) states that the Romantic period in philosophy, politics and the arts came about because the individuals involved with the Romantic period criticized the neoclassical period, and because criticism of the neoclassical followers had their criticism suppressed. Weisinger (1989) further point out that Louis the XIV suppressed criticism, and the response to this was the American and French revolutions. In other words, when criticism is stifled a cataclysm might develop which changes the status quo. Moreover, Weisinger states that criticism from the likes of Galileo, Darwin and Freud changes societies in general. Criticism is necessary for growth, and criticism cannot be suppressed without consequences. Therefore, according to Weisinger (1989), criticism, being necessary for growth and change, and being necessary to influence, motivate and change behavior, must be expressed in a positive w ay so that the criticism can be accepted and useful, as opposed to simply negative and demoralizing. Weisinger further states that there are barriers to individuals accepting criticism and applying the criticism to their lives to makes themselves, and the organization, better. There are psychological hurdles which must be overcome. Weisinger talks in terms of cognitive appraisal, which means that individuals have a mental framework with which they receive information like criticism, and this framework dictates how the criticism will be processed. The framework is built through classical conditioning – criticism in the past has produced a negative response, so present criticism, even if tactfully presented, will also present the negative response. Moreover, since criticism is often portrayed in the media as negative – such as headlines which link criticism to failure – the mind links the two concepts together. Criticism equals failure. Modeling is another psychol ogical force at work, and this means that how one’s family criticized one another is what is known to the individual. If one’s parents responds to criticism by yelling, making retaliatory comments, or leaving the room, the individual is likely to do the same. The modeling focuses upon how one criticizes, as well as how one reacts to criticism. Operant learning is also a force at work, and this is when an individual does X, he gets the result of Y. A worker responds to criticism with anger, so the supervisor backs off. This reinforces the angry response, so that the worker continues to use this response when criticized. Since criticism is obviously necessary, because there can be no growth and change without it, and individuals are hard-wired either to not accept criticism gracefully or to give criticism in a counter-productive manner, what can be done? This question is the focus of Heidringer’s book and and analysis. The bulk of the analysis is that criticism mu st be redefined in a manner that it is not seen as tearing somebody down, but, rather, giving them information which they can use to improve. This is an important message to myself and my future career growth, not just because it is inevitable that I will be criticized, so I need to know how to handle this criticism and apply it so that it is not negative but positive, but also because it will help me learn how to criticize so that any team that I

Joseph Brant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Joseph Brant - Essay Example Perhaps no Freemason who ever lived in America has been so condemned by some authors and praised by others as Joseph Brant, the powerful and influential Mohawk chief who sided with the British during the American Revolutionary War.Born at Cuyahoga Ohio Country on the banks of the Cuyahoga River, near present-day Akron, Ohio, during the hunting season when Mohawks travelled to the area, Brant was originally named Thayendanegea, which has possibilities of meaning two wagers (sticks) bound together for strength, or "he who places two bets." The parents of Joseph Brant were Mohawks whose home was at Canajoharie on the Mohawk River in New York. Brant, however, was born on the banks of the Ohio River in 1742 while his parents were on a hunting excursion to that region.(1) His father was Nickus (or "Nicholas") of the Wolfe family, who, although not a chief, was a Mohawk of some standing in the tribe. His mother Margaret, or Owandah, the niece of Tiaogeara, a Caughnawaga sachem, took Joseph and his older sister Mary , alsoknown as Molly, to Canajoharie, on the Mohawk River in east-central New York, where she had lived before her family moved to the Ohio River. His mother remarried on 9 September 1753 in Fort Hunter (Church of England) a widower named Brant Canagaraduncka, who was a sachem of the tribe. Thus he got the name of Brant.Sir William Johnson, the British superintendent of the northern Indians of America, who was extremely popular with the tribes under his supervision, developed a liking for Brant when he was just in his youth. During his time with the Iroquois, Johnson became particularly close to the Mohawk tribes. He was also a Mason and a former Provincial Grand Master of the New York colony. In 1759 Johnson's wife, Catherine died and he then married his Indian mistress who happened to be Brant's sister, Molly in an Indian ceremony later that year. It was due largely to Johnsons relationship with Molly that Brant received the favor and protection of Sir William and through him the British government, which set Brant on the road to promotion. Brant and a number of young Mohawks were selected by Johnson to attend Moors Charity School for Indians at Lebanon, Connecticut- the school which was later to become Dartmouth College. Here he learned to speak and write English and was introduced to Western history and literature studies. He is the only one of those chosen known to have derived any benefit from the educational process standing at that time. He left school to serve under Sir William from 1755-1759 during the French and Indian War (1754-1763). After these participatons, he became Sir William's close companion and helped him run the Indian Department which was administered by the British out of Quebec. He was also assigned the work of an interpreter for an Anglican missionary and helped translate the prayer book and Gospel of Mark into the Mohawk language, which he did in a quite orderly fashion. About 1768 he married Christine, the daughter of an Oneida chief, whom he had met in school. He then settled with her on a farm near Canajoharie which he had inherited. While here, Brant assisted in revising the Mohawk prayer book and translating the Acts of the Apostles into the Mohawk language. He also joined the Anglican Church, was a regular communicant, and evinced a great desire to bring Christianity to his people. His wife died of tuberculosis about 1771, leaving him with a son and a daughter. In 1773, he married his wife's sister, Susannah, who died a few months afterward, also of tuberculosis. In 1780, he married Catherine Adonwentishon Croghan, the daughter of the prominent American colonist, Indian agent, fur trader, and New York-Pennsylvania-Ohio landowner/speculator George Croghan and a Mohawk mother, Catharine Tekarihoga. They had seven children: Joseph, Jacob, John, Margaret, Catherine(2), Mary and Elizabeth. Through her mother, Catharine Adonwentishon was head of the Turtle

How to Criticize Up and Down Your Organization and Make It Pay Off Essay

How to Criticize Up and Down Your Organization and Make It Pay Off - Essay Example That said, Weisinger points out that criticism is necessary for growth. For instance, Weisinger (1989) states that the Romantic period in philosophy, politics and the arts came about because the individuals involved with the Romantic period criticized the neoclassical period, and because criticism of the neoclassical followers had their criticism suppressed. Weisinger (1989) further point out that Louis the XIV suppressed criticism, and the response to this was the American and French revolutions. In other words, when criticism is stifled a cataclysm might develop which changes the status quo. Moreover, Weisinger states that criticism from the likes of Galileo, Darwin and Freud changes societies in general. Criticism is necessary for growth, and criticism cannot be suppressed without consequences. Therefore, according to Weisinger (1989), criticism, being necessary for growth and change, and being necessary to influence, motivate and change behavior, must be expressed in a positive w ay so that the criticism can be accepted and useful, as opposed to simply negative and demoralizing. Weisinger further states that there are barriers to individuals accepting criticism and applying the criticism to their lives to makes themselves, and the organization, better. There are psychological hurdles which must be overcome. Weisinger talks in terms of cognitive appraisal, which means that individuals have a mental framework with which they receive information like criticism, and this framework dictates how the criticism will be processed. The framework is built through classical conditioning – criticism in the past has produced a negative response, so present criticism, even if tactfully presented, will also present the negative response. Moreover, since criticism is often portrayed in the media as negative – such as headlines which link criticism to failure – the mind links the two concepts together. Criticism equals failure. Modeling is another psychol ogical force at work, and this means that how one’s family criticized one another is what is known to the individual. If one’s parents responds to criticism by yelling, making retaliatory comments, or leaving the room, the individual is likely to do the same. The modeling focuses upon how one criticizes, as well as how one reacts to criticism. Operant learning is also a force at work, and this is when an individual does X, he gets the result of Y. A worker responds to criticism with anger, so the supervisor backs off. This reinforces the angry response, so that the worker continues to use this response when criticized. Since criticism is obviously necessary, because there can be no growth and change without it, and individuals are hard-wired either to not accept criticism gracefully or to give criticism in a counter-productive manner, what can be done? This question is the focus of Heidringer’s book and and analysis. The bulk of the analysis is that criticism mu st be redefined in a manner that it is not seen as tearing somebody down, but, rather, giving them information which they can use to improve. This is an important message to myself and my future career growth, not just because it is inevitable that I will be criticized, so I need to know how to handle this criticism and apply it so that it is not negative but positive, but also because it will help me learn how to criticize so that any team that I

Canadian politics- Position paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Canadian politics- Position paper - Essay Example e of rising temperatures, which is the result of irresponsible human activity that are repeatedly appearing in different media (Environment a priority for more Canadians, poll suggests, 2006). Canada has 243,000 kilometers of coastline that makes it the country with the longest coastline in the country and already eight percent of it faces the threat of submersion due to rising global temperatures and the rapid melting of the permafrost (Global coastlines taking a beating from rising sea levels and storms). The melting of the Arctic permafrost due to rising global temperatures makes Canada one of the key areas in which the immediate effects of rising temperatures will be felt. Experiences of this are already occurring. In the recent summer part of the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf above Ellesmere Island collapsed. In addition uniquely high temperatures in Baffin Island Park caused an unprecedented evacuation of tourists due to the threat from flash floods (Boswell, 2008). The growing awareness and experiences of the possible threats from rising temperatures has made environment a national issue of priority to the people of Canada. The importance of environment to the people naturally has an impact on the political parties in Canada. This impact on the political parties in Canada has resulted in their scaling up their agenda on the issue of Environment. Environment is turning out to be a key issue in the impeding election. A recently conducted opinion poll shows that for almost eighty-eight percent of Canadians support in the impeding elections will be based on the stance of the political parties in addressing their concerns on environment (Boutet, 2008). The political plank of the Liberal party on environment is based on the environmental strategy of â€Å"Green Shift† put forward by the leader of the party Stephane Dion. The essential feature of this environmental strategy of the Liberal party is to curb the rise in energy prices through reducing its demand by placing a

Fantasy Theme Analysis of Commercial Essay Example for Free

Fantasy Theme Analysis of Commercial Essay â€Å"It’s Not About the Shoes† The Jordan Brand attempts to communicate to its audience that to become legendary they need to understand that it is not about the shoes, but what it is you do in them. They do this by showing a number of star athletes performing when they were in college and high school to the narrator’s (Michael Jordan) words. This paper hypothesizes how it is the Jordan Brand attempts to bring their audience to the shared rhetorical vision of becoming legendary, through fantasy themes in their ad â€Å"It’s Not About the Shoes†. The Fantasy Theme Criticism To understand this paper’s argument on how it is the Jordan Brand attempts to use fantasy themes in their ad, we must first understand what exactly the Fantasy Theme Criticism is. It was created by Ernest G. Bormann, and was designed to provide insights into the shared worldview of a group of rhetors. It is derived from the Symbolic Convergence Theory, and can be applied to different types of rhetoric including the kind(s) used on small groups, social movements, political campaigns, and organizational communication. The criticism relies on two assumptions. One, that rhetoric creates reality, and two, that convergence occurs. With regards to rhetoric creating reality we are to assume that the symbolic forms that are created from the rhetoric are not imitations but organs of reality. This is because it is through their agency that anything becomes real. We assume to that convergence occurs because symbols not only create reality for individuals but that individual’s meanings can combine to create a shared reality for participants. The shared reality then provides a basis for the community of participants to discuss their common experiences and to achieve a mutual understanding. The consequence of this is that the individuals develop the same attitudes and emotions to the personae of the drama. Within this criticism the audience is seen as the most critical part because the sharing of the message is seen as being so significant. The basic unit of this analysis is looking at the different fantasy themes within the rhetoric being analyzed. Fantasy themes tell a story that  accounts for the groups experience and that is the reality of the participants. The three fantasy themes that are necessary to create a drama are setting, characters, and actions. These fantasy themes then come together to form a fantasy type, and rhetorical vision. A fantasy type is a stock rhetorical vision that appears repeatedly in the rhetoric of a group. The actual rhetorical vision is the unified putting together of the various shared fantasies, or a swirling together of fantasy themes to provide a credible interpretation of reality. In the event there is a rhetorical vision, it is suggested that a rhetorical community forms that consists of participants in the vision, or members who have shared the fantasy themes. It is within this community that the ability to understand and act on the motives for action that the rhetorical vision attempts to communicate reside. Analysis Within this ad, there is a number of fantasy themes that the Jordan Brand incorporated that potentially could lead their audience to the desired rhetorical vision they wished to communicate. This part of the paper will seek to analyze this ad by first looking at our ads relationship with the audience, and then breaking the fantasy themes down into the three different kinds that make up this analysis and how they could come together to form a fantasy type and rhetorical vision. In order for the ad to make sense it must share a First there is the setting theme(s). Setting themes depict where it is the action is taking place. In this ad, there are a variety of different athletic venues depicted in which the physical setting takes place for athletes to become legendary. For example, there is a basketball court (P3, P8, P15, P20, P21), a boxing ring (P12-13), a baseball field (P5-6), and football field (P11, P17-18). All of these different physical places are where athletes go to train and perform to become legendary. We here the narrator state various inspirational lines pertaining to ones performance such as, â€Å"It’s about work before glory† (L10-11) and that it is about â€Å"Taking everything you have been given, and making something better† (L8-9). This suggests to the audience that practice and hard work in whatever sport you choose to compete in, are required if you wish to become legendary. The next major setting theme of the ad is within the audience is itself. In the very first scene (P1) all we see initially is the shoes with an unidentified person sitting in them. The screen then scrolls up to reveal a man who it is sitting in a chair deep in thought. This is possibly meant to be symbolic that each and every person in the audience is that athlete in those shoes. Then in the final scene we see a black screen with the words Become Legendary. These two slides form the setting that each member of the audience is supposed to face, the moment in their mind at which they either decide in favor of, or against attempting to become legendary. In addition to this the ad references â€Å"you† the audience a total of 8 times. This supports that the ad is trying to communicate to its audience wherever it is, and since this ad is attempting to call to action its audience the setting is within the audiences minds themselves when they are making their decision. Next there is the characters theme(s). Character themes are any person or object shown engaging in human like action. As previously stated, the ad references â€Å"you† a total of 8 times and makes clear that the audience is the most important character in this ad. Through the imagery and words, the audience is supposed to either imagine themselves as the athletes depicted, or as themselves in similar settings on the athletic field. This inclusive strategy of using the language and themes of the ad to relate to the audience helps to build convergence The athletes who are shown in the ad are also important characters. It is not explicitly stated in the ad who these athletes are, but by watching the ad and viewing the final scene in which the words Become Legendary (P22) appear, the audience can infer that whoever these athletes are, they are legends in their respective games. They are depicted throughout the ad performing various acts of athletic ability, and through the narrator’s words the audience is supposed to imagine themselves performing similar acts as these athletes. Finally, there is the actions theme(s). Action themes deal with the action of the drama. Within this ad there are numerous action themes. By looking at the visuals of the ad we see athletes running up and down a basketball court (P3, P20), hitting baseballs (P5-6), shooting a basketball (P8), catching touchdowns (P11, P18), and hitting a punching bag (P13). Accompanying these visuals we here the narrator’s words and are able to understand the qualities these athletes possess, and how their actions (which become transparent through the ads visual and audio display) have lead them to become legendary. For example, we here the narrator say for the baseball scene (P4-6) that â€Å"It’s about having the courage to fail† (L4-5). The audience is supposed to understand that having courage/acting courageous is important to have if one wishes to become legendary. Another example is in slides P12-15 in which we go from the visual of a young boxer working out, to the image of basketball player in celebration and here the words â€Å"It’s about work, before glory† (L10-11). This scene depicts that the action of working hard leads to the act of celebration in victory. This scene also lends itself to the idea that the act of working hard is important to becoming legendary. These themes form a fantasy type which is that it is not about the shoes. We here this exact line stated in P1L1 that â€Å"It is not about the shoes†. Throughout the ad we then see various video clips and pictures that show us, as well as hear our narrator tell us, what it is about. We then hear in L14 that once again â€Å"It’s not about the shoes† and then in L15-16 that â€Å"It’s about what you do in them, it’s about being who you were born to be†. This fantasy type provides the resolution to the original conflict brought about in the first scene. The fantasy themes discussed above all come together to hopefully lead the audience to the rhetorical vision to become legendary, which is what the rhetor hoped to communicate. Through the fantasy themes the audience is able to see how it is that they can become legendary

Effect of Alcohol Caffeine Concentration on Daphnia Magna

Effect of Alcohol Caffeine Concentration on Daphnia Magna The Effect of Alcohol and Caffeine Concentrations on Daphnia Magna Abstract The target of this experiment was to study the effects of alcohol and caffeine on the heart, using the Daphnia Magna as the test subject. The hypothesis was: Increasing the concentration of caffeine in which the Daphnia Magna is submerged will cause its heart rate to increase, while increasing the concentration of alcohol in which it is submerged will cause its heart rate to decrease. To test this hypothesis two Daphnia Magna were exposed to either alcohol or caffeine and its heart rate recorded by placing it on a microscope slide and counting the number of heart beats. It was deducted that the alcohol and caffeine had a very notable effect on the heart, with alcohol slowing it down and caffeine speeding it up. At the highest concentration of alcohol, the heart rate slowed and in turn the higher concentration of caffeine affected the heart rate by increasing it. I feel that the same concept of the effect of alcohol and caffeine on Daphnia Magna would be the same concept for its effec t on humans also sense alcohol is a depressant it tends to slow down the body as Caffeine is well known for giving our bodies a boost of energy. Introduction It was obvious to test the effects that alcohol and caffeine have on the human heart. The effects of alcohol and caffeine were a distinct interest sense they are drugs that are consumed on a large scale in society. However, because it is difficult to perform experiments of this nature on humans and get accurate results, we decided to use Daphnia Magna as a substitute for a human. Though humans and Daphnia Magna are different organisms, alcohol and caffeine should have an almost identical effect on them. The effect when both organisms are exposed to the same amounts of alcohol and caffeine should be more noticeable in Daphnia Magna because they are much smaller, so in turn the chemicals will flow through the Daphnia Magna’s form quicker and effect each cell more. There are many explanations why Daphnia Magna are commonly used compared to the use of a human as test subject. Firstly, Daphnia Magna are simple organisms compared to humans thus there are less factors that we have no control over what could likely affect the heart rate. Secondly, the heart of the Daphnia Magna is easy to view and examine because of their transparent body form. Thirdly, it is logical to use a Daphnia Magna because the effects of the drug will be observed much more quickly, within moments compared to around half an hour in humans. Also, to get usable results, it would be necessary to supply a human subject with a reasonable large amounts of alcohol or caffeine, which wouldn’t be good for short term health, as well as unscrupulous. The hypothesis under investigation was developed because depressants, like alcohol tend to decrease the activity of the body’s organs, whilst stimulants like caffeine tend to increase such activity. Methods and Materials Two Daphnia Magna specimen were collected from the habitat container and then placed each in their own hanging drop slide carefully so they would not slide all over like they would a traditional flat slide. This way one slide would have one Daphnia Magna testing the varying concentrations of alcohol and the other Caffeine. In caffeine we readied concentrations of 0.25%, 0.05%, 0.75% and 1.0% levels of concentration. One member held a bottle of distilled water to be used in between concentrations. The water allows the Daphnia Magna to rest a moment that way it doesn’t die to quickly from the various concentrations. One member will begin the experiment by tallying its heart beats per seconds to allow for an average heart rate. The group then subtracted the water from the slide and replaced it with the fist concentration of caffeine counting the heart beat 15 seconds again then quickly taking away the caffeine and replacing it back with distilled water. We repeat this process and collect the data until all concentrations have be used and the data compiled. Alcohol there were 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% of concentrations. Using a Microscope as well as a fresh bottle of water to adjust the Daphnia Magna to the stress of the many concentrations makes the experiment a little easier. As we did with the caffeine the group used a fresh Daphnia Magna collected the average heartbeat and began the process of subjecting the Daphnia Magna to the Alcohol concentrations collecting the heart beat data and observing how it changes with each concentration. Results Results demonstrates the profound effect the alcohol and caffeine both have on the heart. As shown in figure 1 and 3 the higher the concentration of caffeine the faster the heart becomes. In figures 2 and 4 Alcohol seems to have the opposite affect and slows the heart rate down increasingly with each concentration. Within our results it can be determined that when humans consume alcohol that they will experience a slowness and often a more depressed feeling. On the flip side when humans are exposed to caffeine it can be seen that there is a burst of energy â€Å"Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant. Your central nervous system includes your brain, spinal cord, and the other nerves in your body. Caffeine’s main effect on your body is to make you feel more awake and alert for a while† (FDA, 2007) Table 1: group data for Caffeine concentrations Caffeine Concentrations and how they affect the heart rate Concentration Heart Rate 15 sec Heart Rate (BPM) 0% 53 216 0.25% 42 168 0.50% 39 156 0.75% 28 112 1.0% 31 124 Figure 1: the graph that shows the group average heart rates when exposed to the different concentrations of caffeine provided that the Daphnia Magna heart rate was counted for 15 seconds then calculated to BPM Table 2: Group data for alcohol concentrations Alcohol concentrations and how they affect the heart rate Concentration Heart Rate 15 sec Heart Rate (BPM) 0% 31 133.33 2% 27 108 4% 24 96 6% 12 68 8% 19 76 10% 14 56 Figure 2: the graph that shows the group average heart rates when exposed to the different concentrations of alcohol provided that the Daphnia Magna heart rate was counted for 15 seconds then calculated to BPM. Table 3: Class data for caffeine concentrations Water Control AVG 0.25% Caf 0.5% Caf 0.75% Caf 1.0% Caf KR 216 168 156 112 124 g1 45.3 56 84 96 88 G2 248 448 452 480 508 Jeep 132 208 164 220 188 G5 133.3 120 112 124 136 Average 154.92 200 193.6 206.4 208.8 Figure 3: the graph that shows the class average heart rates when exposed to the different concentrations of caffeine.   Ã‚   Table 4: Class data for Alcohol concentrations Initials Water Control AVG 2% Alc 4% Alc 6% Alc 8% Alc 10% Alc KR 133.33 108 96 68 76 56 g1 54 248 285 236 188 172 G2 205.3 312 240 180 64 48 Jeep 181 148 152 124 124 108 G5 205.3 240 196 232 212 100 Average 155.8 211.2 193.8 168 132.8 96.8 Figure 4: the graph that shows the class average heart rates when exposed to the different concentrations of alcohol. Discussion â€Å"Alcohol affects every organ in the drinkers body and can damage a developing fetus. Intoxication can impair brain function and motor skills; heavy use can increase risk of certain cancers, stroke, and liver disease.† (Abuse, 2014)

Pushing Products through Advertising: Camera Advertising Essay

There are many ads for different products these days on market. A product needs a good ad to attract many people and make good competition. Advertising has become part of producers’ life to win consumers hearts. All cameras serve the same purpose â€Å"to make memories memorable† or it is dead. There are different types of approaches camera advertisers use to attract the buyer to the product. Companies like Canon and Nikon use techniques such as glittering generalities, testimonial, need for affiliation and aesthetic sensation as propaganda methods to attract their buyers. Maria Sharapova ranked number one player in the women professional tennis in the world, is used in a Canon commercial. This propaganda approach known as testimonial, Maria hits several tennis balls with her power shot which stick in the net to form â€Å"Maria was here†. In this commercial consumers are told that if they use a Canon power shot digital camera, they make powerful statements. Therefore, most buyers are attracted to this product because of they want to be more like her, a talented, beautiful, sports celebrity. ...

Macbeth - Macbeth Character Study Essay example -- essays research pap

Thesis: Macbeth's changing character over the course of the play can be seen in his roles a general, husband and a king. I. General A. Early in the play he is brave 1. Captain reports 2. Duncan conversation B. Late in the play he is ineffective 1. Fearful 2. Cornered II. Husband A. Initially close to wife 1. Confides in her via letter 2. Has pet name B. Later becomes distant/cold 1. Tells doctor to cure Lady Macbeth 2. Feels resignation, not anguish at her death III. King A. At first is powerful 1. Malcolm and Donaldbain free Scotland 2. He succeeds in killing Banquo B. At end is powerless 1. Fleance escapes 2. Malcolm conquers Scotland The story of Macbeth is one of power at the expense of everything. The main character, Macbeth starts out greatly admired with strong character. As the play progresses, Macbeth's personality and actions become more deceitful leading to his destruction. Macbeth's changing character over the course of the play can be seen in his roles a general, husband and a king. First, Macbeth's changing character is evident in his role as a general. As the play begins, he is a brave general, well respected by his peers. The captain returning from battle reports of this saying, "But all's too weak; for brave Macbeth (he deserves that name)" (1.2. 17-18) Duncan later confers his title as king of Scotland, claiming, "No more that thane of Cawdor shall deceive our bosom interest. Go, pronounce his present death, and with his former title,... Macbeth - Macbeth Character Study Essay example -- essays research pap Thesis: Macbeth's changing character over the course of the play can be seen in his roles a general, husband and a king. I. General A. Early in the play he is brave 1. Captain reports 2. Duncan conversation B. Late in the play he is ineffective 1. Fearful 2. Cornered II. Husband A. Initially close to wife 1. Confides in her via letter 2. Has pet name B. Later becomes distant/cold 1. Tells doctor to cure Lady Macbeth 2. Feels resignation, not anguish at her death III. King A. At first is powerful 1. Malcolm and Donaldbain free Scotland 2. He succeeds in killing Banquo B. At end is powerless 1. Fleance escapes 2. Malcolm conquers Scotland The story of Macbeth is one of power at the expense of everything. The main character, Macbeth starts out greatly admired with strong character. As the play progresses, Macbeth's personality and actions become more deceitful leading to his destruction. Macbeth's changing character over the course of the play can be seen in his roles a general, husband and a king. First, Macbeth's changing character is evident in his role as a general. As the play begins, he is a brave general, well respected by his peers. The captain returning from battle reports of this saying, "But all's too weak; for brave Macbeth (he deserves that name)" (1.2. 17-18) Duncan later confers his title as king of Scotland, claiming, "No more that thane of Cawdor shall deceive our bosom interest. Go, pronounce his present death, and with his former title,...

My Aquarium

The place I decided to do my paper on is located in the living room of my family's house. It is a one hundred gallon aquarium. The reason I chose this as the topic of my paper is that all kingdoms are present except for Plantae in it and it is its own ecosystem. Before I go in detail about the organisms in the aquarium, I would like to mention the accessories that make this aquarium a stable environment and allow the organisms to grow happily. The temperature needs to mimic natural reefs that are often found in tropical regions. The tank needs to be 78 degrees F. In the summer water is pumped through a chiller that lowers the temperture to exactly what it needs to be and there is also a conventional aquarium heater to raise tempature during colder times. Natural reefs also need lots of sunlight. This is mimicked by two large 250 watt metal halide and 4 (3 foot) vho lights. These high intensity lights produce tremendous increases in the temperture of the tank which is countered by the chiller. Natural seawater has constant currents which are mimicked by three submersible power heads that keep everything moving. Next, is the water. This needs to be ultra pure, free from dissolved solvents. Due to the high temperatures evaporation can cause as much as 2 gallons a day to be replaced. A reverse osmosis water purifier is used to create this ultra pure water. Now that I have explained how the water starts of pure the salinity needs to be constant. 33 parts per thousand is recommended for reef aquariums. Calcium, amino acids, phytoplankton, and iodine are also added to the aquarium on a daily basis. The water is tested on a monthly basis for ph, alkalinity, and about a dozen different chemicals to be sure the water chemistry is correct. Now we will discuss the first part of the reef aquarium, which is the sand and live rock. The sand needs to be live sand, meaning it contains all the necessary bacteria that will be needed in this artificial environment. The same is true for the live rock, which needs different bacteria and is the resting place for all of the corals. These organisms belong to the kingdom Monera Protista and are the first organism to be added to the tank. This aquarium also contains organisms of the kingdom Protista. These are present in the green algae that are seen on the glass of aquariums. Also red algae are seen when observing a marine aquarium. These algae bloom when there is excess nitrogen in the water. The red algae are a sign of a tank that is in bad shape. There are also specimens of brown algae in the tank. These free floating algae are a main source of food for certain fish and crustaceans. The majority of the visible organisms in the tank are in the phylum Cnidaria. These include the many types of mushrooms, polyps, anemones, soft and hard corals. These are what make the reef aquarium look like a reef. These organisms multiply in the tank and need to be fed by the sunlight and also phytoplankton. It is cool to touch these organisms with the net. They all shrivel up and get defensive when disturbed. There are also about 20 snails in the tank belonging to the class Gastropoda. These shells are taken over by hermit crabs which belong to the class Crustacea. Other members of this class include a banded reef shrimp and several emerald crabs. There is a huge clam belonging to the class Bivalvia which has pretty turquoise lips. There is even a feather duster worm that just showed up one day. The higher interverts in the tank include two starfish and also a brittle star. The starfish spend most of their time beneath the sand while the brittle star is very active and visible and will pounce on food shortly after it hits the bottom. Next to the corals the next visible class in the tank would include the class of Osteichthyes. These include tangs, gobies, dottybacks, a pair of clown fish, and several types of damsels. It is amazing to watch all these organisms grow and interact with one another while realizing how exact the conditions need to be to allow them to even survive.

Oscar Wilde’s The Importance of Being Earnest Essay

1. What does the play say about marriage? The play says many things about marriage.   One is that marriage can be quite complicated when there is deceit even if the feelings involved are genuine.   Another is that there are so many trivial things that society considers â€Å"important† that disregards the true meaning of marriage.   Another is that parental consent and money still play an important role in matrimony. 2. What is the significance of the names? The word Earnest means sincere. However, the play showed how that sincerity is downplayed by the many trivial things that society expects from individuals.   Ms. Prism’s name is also significant because it was her character that finally shed light on the true background of Jack – who later became truly Earnest. 3. Suggest some of the things that Wilde is poking fun at in this play. Wilde made fun of the way women can be so assuming of relationships as can be seen with Cecily’s account of how she and Algy became engaged and how Gwendolyn fled from her mother to go to Jack.   The author also made fun of the way society can be deceived by many aspects of a person beside his true self (e.g. names and money).   This was especially evident in the way the name Earnest became so important that Algy and Jack had wanted to be re-baptized with it. Marriage was also funny because it gave too much importance on money and family background before it considers the true person. 4. What is your favorite character and why? I loved the character of Ms. Prism because at first she seemed to be only a minor character but in the end, the story actually centered on her misgivings.

Comparative Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Comparative Politics - Essay Example The dictatorship or authoritarian governments can be considered as an example of elitist theory. In majority of the cases elite class of the society exercise their powers because of certain skills which are quite unique in that particular area. This is the reason on the basis of which most of the people living in elitist society could not challenge the status quo. Most of the people assume government as an elite group. However this is not the case always. Corporate sector can also act as an elite group of the society. They are on a bargaining position because of their revenue generating capability which will ultimately benefit the country. Real life scenarios of recent past suggest that corporations even play role in developing governments across the globe. Therefore it can be concluded that elite group has a powerful role to play in the growth and development. The pressure groups are almost inexistent in the elitist society. They do not have the resources to influence their point of view on elitist. Elitist theory also states that whenever attempts are made to over through elitist, the reaction of could be very harmful for the effective functioning of the society. Therefore decent homework will be required to alter such system (Machiavelli, NiccoloIâ‚ ¬, W. K. Marriott, Nelle Fuller, and Thomas Hobbes, 1955). Pluralist theory suggests that economic development of the nation is the responsibility of government. However certain pressure groups can influence the decision making process of government. In pluralist society public have the power to actively criticize the decisions of government and develop a pressure group for the improvement of their living conditions. There are classes of competing groups who try to grab maximum power by dissecting the opportunities for other pressure groups. Political scientists are of the opinion that pluralist society cannot become stable in the long run since it does not have unity of command. Unstable governments are the n orm of those societies. As far as the case of Unites States of America is concerned it can be concluded that pluralistic democratic system is prevailing in the country. Government administration of USA has to face to pressure as well as opposition members on the congress before making any decision associated with the government. Occupy Wall Street movement can be considered as an example of pressure group. There is no limitation on the general public to protest against governmental decisions (Johnson, Janet Buttolph, and Richard Joslyn, 1986). Question 2 Plurality system is the single voting system. According to this system the candidate with highest votes is elected as a member of legislative assembly. This system is based on the constituent politics. There are some political scientists who consider it as a best representative of democratic system. However opponents argue that it is not necessary that general public could elect the member who can solve their problems in the true se nse. Therefore the system cannot be considered as fool proof. The condition of absolute majority does not prevail in this system. Simple majority is enough to decide the candidature. Proportional representation system is quite different from plurality system. It is based on seats to voter relationship. For example if party A has received 30% seats in the assembly then that party should also get 30% votes in the electoral process. Political scien

I would like to become a scientist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

I would like to become a scientist - Essay Example Einstein’s theory of relativity has been a special area of my interest. Man has already traveled into space and reached the Moon, why not travel through time? If travel through space could be achieved using the concepts of science, why not time travel? To truly go where no man has gone before, this would represent a milestone in human innovation! The occupation I would like to pursue is to become a scientist, because I would then be at the forefront of innovation in technology. The challenge of developing fresh and innovative solutions to problems, the thrill of finding solutions that will enhance the quality of man’s existence upon this earth is what motivates me. This is why I would love to be a scientist. The problem of pollution and the need to find alternative energy sources is one of the most pressing challenges today. A major source of this pollution is vehicle exhaust and scientists and researchers are already looking into electric and hydrogen powered cars. But I would like to develop a unique kind of vehicle – not a car, not a bicycle but a sleek and energy efficient vehicle that can be manufactured and maintained without heavy expenses involved, and which would not contribute to the already high levels off atmospheric pollution. This is the dream which I want to convert into reality! It would be exhilarating to be at the forefront of innovative discoveries and trends. It would be exhilarating to be at the forefront of innovative discoveries and trends.  

3M Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

3M - Essay Example Contemporary academic settings have acknowledged the need to develop and recognize cultural intelligence as the ability to interpret and understand diverse cultural underpinnings. In this regard, not because the way things are done in Russia are different from what 3M is accustomed to, it should already mean that the organization should not do business there – most especially if there are vast opportunities in the Russian market that could be tapped and ventured on. 3M must simply understand which cultural practices must be respected and could not be changed in their entirety. As a multinational organization that operates in other parts of the world, it already has vast experience and understanding of cultural diversities and how they can adapt and adjust to the way of life to succeed in Russia. Honestly, I strongly believe that 3M could do business in Russia provided that they respect the cultural values and traditions of its people. Being an organization that promotes ethical behavior, I am sure that they have acknowledged which cultural beliefs need to be accepted and could not be meddled with. As such, by respecting the cultural norms and beliefs of the Russians, including business practices, 3M could be assured that they will proceed with smooth business interactions within the ethical standards and moral codes of discipline. The moral codes of conduct, as well as ethical standards in business are more or less universal in perspectives. 3M, as the investing organization in Russia, has the obligation to adhere to moral, ethical and social responsibilities as employer and therefore, could expect employees to conform to these obligations. In so doing, by the rules of being role models, 3M could improve the ethical climate in foreign countries where it does business with. It is one’s contention that a practical middle ground could be established by finding an effective and acceptable balance between American and Russian ways

Alvin Ailey's Polotics in the Art of Dance Research Paper

Alvin Ailey's Polotics in the Art of Dance - Research Paper Example Ailey was most popular as one of the first few African Americans who dared revolutionize their dance styles, which ultimately led to his contribution to modern American dance. It is in this respect though that he was able to subtly express for the first time his political convictions. At the height of his success as a choreographer, when he was recognized no longer just for his art but also for how he used it to advance his political cause, Ailey was awarded the Spingarn Medal. Renowned composer-conductor Leonard DePaur, his presentation of the award, mentioned that Ailey â€Å"would confound and confuse America's critics by refusing to conform to their pre-conceptions of what a black choreographer must be† (NAACP 1977, p. 100). With this distinction, it is clear that Ailey had been able to infuse his politics in the development of his choreography and in the performance of his dance. Through his art, he was able to challenge stereotyping that was brought about by racism and b igotry. This paper seeks to explain the bases why Ailey incorporated his political activism into the art form that he specializes in and how this has contributed to America’s struggle against racism. I. ... Aside from the treatment that they receive from the whites because of their race, Ailey and his mother also suffered due to their constant lack of income. Ailey’s family was basically working class and his mother picked cotton and occasionally did domestic chores for the more affluent white families (Cardwell 2006, p.38). This childhood of want and inequality had influenced the development of Ailey’s political views early on. However, it took time before this actually was brought out into the open through his choreography. Prompted by his keen interest in dance, Ailey went to undergo formal training in dance with the tutelage of Lester Horton, who was recognized then as the principal promoter of the modern dance in Los Angeles. In the 1940’s, it was in Los Angeles and New York only that African Americans could train alongside with the whites. It was also during this period that Ailey was able to come across other African America dance artists who trained under Ho rton. When Horton died though, Ailey took over the company. As a result, he achieved a freer hand in determining the styles and contents of every dance production that the company came up with. During these particular times though, it was clear that Ailey was more concerned with the rapid development of his artistic talents in dance, as well as the continuous improvement of his dancer’s talents. However, by 1958, when the struggle for the civil rights of African Americans reached its peak, Ailey also began to show his political inclinations. The most glaring examples of these are Blue Suite and Revelations, which â€Å"focused on the experience of African Americans† (Foulkes 2002, p. 180). Both dance productions highlighted the uniqueness of the

Change Process Theories in Downer (EDI) Limited Research Paper

Change Process Theories in Downer (EDI) Limited - Research Paper Example Theories of change attempt to answer the question of how and why change occurs while theories of changing attempt to answer the question of how to generate change and guide it to a successful conclusion (Bennis, 1996). Porras and Robertson (1987, p.4) expanded this ideology to change process theory and implementation theory. Describing change process theory is simply explaining the dynamics of change. There are multiple variables that are involved in the accomplishment of planned change. The two scholars (Porras & Robertson) described implementation theory as "theory that focuses on activities change agents must undertake in effecting organizational change" (p. 4). They include strategy procedure and technique theories as examples of implementation approaches. Academic writing tends to focus more on change process theory but practitioners are focusing so much on implementation theory. Integrating the two theories has been given very minimal focus. Theory of change is very important for the strategic purpose of an organization. It will be therefore important for organizations to understand change theory for the purpose of implementing some key strategies. Van de Ven and Poole (1995) identified four basic types of change theories. They considered them as life cycle, evolution, dialectic, and teleology framework. There are motors that distinguish these types. Van de Ven and Poole suggested that most change theories can be understood within one motor or in a combination of motors.

Functional assessment of an elderly man at home Essay Example for Free

Functional assessment of an elderly man at home Essay According to NHS (2011), elderly people who have attained the age of 65 years and above usually spend an average of 10 hours and above daily sitting or lying down, making them the most sedentary group of people. Due to this apparent inactivity among the elderly, they are more prone to accidental falls, obesity, cardiovascular accidents, heart conditions and sudden death than the general population. In this interview, data was gathered from an elderly man in his early 80s through use of a semi-structured interview schedule that consisted of open-ended questions touching on the instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) and activities of daily living (ADL). The interview schedule provided an opportunity for the interviewer and interviewee to tackle the questions in detail through appropriate probing. Before commencement of the interview, an informed consent was obtained from the respondent where his anonymity and the confidentiality of the information sought from him were assured. The interviewee was asked to sign a consent form if he agreed to take part in the interview. The Rationale To ascertain that a person is able to independently live at home or community, the determination of the daily basic activities performed by the individual is necessary. These activities are referred to as Activities of Daily Living (ADLs). According to PayingForSeniorCare (2007), ADLs only serve as a yardstick of independence of individuals, whether or not they perform these basic activities on their own or get assistance. On the other hand, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) are the actions which are important but not a daily requirement for one to live independently. They usually used to determine what level of assistance is to be accorded to the elderly or disabled people in society. In the interview nschedule, three (3) ADLs and Three (3) IADLs were included. The ADLs included: Bed mobility, Toileting, and Eating. The IADLs were: Responsibility for own medication, Housekeeping, and Ability to use telephone. These activities and actions were included in the interview because they will in the very least point to the functional ability of the respondent given his advanced age. ADLs and IADLs are carried out because ‘ Measuring an individual’s ability to perform the ADLs and IADLs is important not just in determining the level of assistance required but as a metric for a variety of services and programs related to caring for the elderly and for those with disabilities (PayingForSeniorCare (2007, p. 1). Ethical considerations According to Fouka and Mantzorou (2011, p. 3), research ethics involve requirements on daily work, the protection of dignity of subjects and the publication of the information in the research. Research ethics are a set of principles that guide researchers and research organizations on how to conduct themselves when dealing with research participants, other researchers and colleagues, the users of their research and society in general. Among the ethical issues taken into consideration in research include: 1. Informed consent Informed consent is a major ethical issue in carrying out research. According to Armiger (1997), the participant must knowingly, voluntarily and intelligently, and in a clear and manifest way, give his/her consent. Informed consent confers autonomy to the respondent hence they are protected through self-determination. Through informed consent, the participant’s integrity, personal liberties and veracity are protected from violation by researchers. Informed consent enables individuals participate in research voluntarily after they have been provided with information on the potential risks and benefits of the research. Free and informed consent should incorporate an introduction to the study, its purpose, an explanation of the selection of the subjects and the procedures that shall be followed. It is essential to describe any physical harm or discomfort, any invasion of privacy and any threat to dignity as well as how the subjects will be compensated in that case. 2. Beneficence- do not harm This principle ensures that researchers exercise a professional mandate to carry out significant and effective research so as to serve and promote the welfare of the population. A researcher must consider all possible consequences of the research and balance the risks with proportionate benefit. The type, degree, and number of potential risks must be assessed and the risk benefit ratio can only be achieved by identifying these factors. If the risks outweigh the benefits, the study should be revised. It is important that debriefing of the participants is done at the end of the study. Debriefing refers to explaining the exact aim of the study and why certain disclosures were not done. According to Burns and Grove (2005) ‘if the subjects experienced a high level of discomfort, they should be debriefed or referred to appropriate professional intervention as necessary’. 3. Respect of anonymity and confidentiality Confidentiality and anonymity are closely linked with the rights of beneficence. The protection of anonymity is achieved when the researcher does not link a participants personal responses and his/her identity. The management of private information of the respondents must be ensured by the researcher in order to protect the participant’s identity. Confidentiality means that individuals can give and/or withhold as much information as they wish to the person they choose. 4. Respect of privacy Privacy is the freedom exercised by an individual in determining the time, extent, and general circumstances under which private information will be shared with or withheld from others. Therefore, private information shall not be shared with others without the knowledge of the participant. According to Treece and Treece (1982), a researcher must respect a decision by a respondent who considers reporting personal information a violation of privacy. Fauka and Mantzorou (2011, p. 7) state that ‘this may even apply to report of age, income, marital status, and other details that the subject may regard intimate. They also imply that privacy can be invaded when researchers study certain groups without their knowledge and without identifying themselves. 5. Concerns of vulnerable group of people Vulnerable group of people are the individuals who are unable to protect their own rights and welfare. Opinion is still divided as to whether they should be included in research studies or not due to their inability to give informed consent. They include prisoners, mentally ill people, the aged and children among others. They need further protection for they are vulnerable to being deceived, threatened or forced to participate in research studies they have no idea about. According to Burns and Grove (2005), the vulnerability of these individuals increases the need for justification for the use of such subjects in research studies. 6. Honesty, objectivity, integrity, legality and competence It is important to maintain honesty in research undertakings. Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Avoid any fabrication, falsification, or misrepresentation of data. Do not deceive colleagues, granting agencies, or the public. To maintain objectivity, the researcher must avoid bias in study designs, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research where objectivity is expected or required. Avoid or minimize bias or self-deception. Disclose personal or financial interests that may affect research. Integrity should be ensured through keeping of promises and agreements. The researcher must act with sincerity, and maintain consistency of thought and action. Every researcher must ensure and improve his/her own professional competence and expertise through lifelong education and learning and steps must be taken towards the promotion of competence in science as a whole. Research studies are guided by the relevant rules and regulations that must be adhered to at all times, whether institutional or governmental. Research ethics play important roles in research studies as they; 1. Bring about respect for and cause no harm to the participants 2. They are a professional requirement in research studies 3. They are a requirement in obtaining funding for research undertaking 4. They ensure that research studies are conducted within the ethical guidelines provided by the Ethics Committee 5. Ensures that the research findings are acceptable to the research community and the public Interviewee current IADL/ADL practices According to Quinn et al. (2011), elderly individuals usually present with acute and chronic problems that adversely affect function, often defined by functional decline and loss of independence. This might eventually lead to institutional care for such individuals. The decreased function may be a pointer to occult pathologies which lead to increased mortalities (Schumacher, 2005). From the interview, it was found out that the respondent had limited capacity in carrying out daily activities. For instance, in determining the ADLs, in bed mobility, he needed other than two persons physical assist, had a limited physical assistance in toileting and limited assistance when eating. His actions too were limited as he scored lowly in IADLs. For instance, in responsibility for own medication, he only takes medication when it is prepared in advance and in right dosages, he answers the telephone only and cannot dial by himself, and finally he does not participate in any form of housekeeping. The respondents attributed all this to poor memory, fast failing eyesight, affliction by arthritis and advanced age. Conclusion Elderly individuals are afflicted by many ailments that lead to poor health, and as a consequence they are usually unable to undertake simple tasks that are geared towards maintaining good health. It is therefore imperative that functional assessment are done on such persons in order to put in place appropriate strategies that can help them lead at least ‘normal’ lives. Therefore, ADLs and IADLs are important towards this end and can help determine the kind of care to be provided to elderly individuals. This can be in the form of institutional care, family and friends care giving. References Armiger, B. (1997). Ethics in Nursing Research: Profile, Principles, Perspective. Nursing Research, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 330-333. Burns, N Grove, S. (2005). The practice of nursing research: Conduct, critique, and utilization (5th ed.), St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier/ Saunders. Fauka, G   Mantzorou, M. (2011). What are the major ethical issues in conducting research? Is there a conflict between the research ethics and the nature of nursing? Health Science Journal, 5(1), pp. 3-14. NHS (2011). The importance of exercise as you get older. Retrieved from: http://www.nhs.uk. Quinn, J, McArthur, Ellis, G Stott, J. (2011). Functional assessment of older people. BMJ. doi: doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d4681 Schumacher, J. (2005). Emergency medicine and older adults: continuing challenges and opportunities. Am J Emerg Med, 23: pp. 556-60. Treece, E Treece, J. (1982). Elements of research in Nursing. St-Louis: Mosby. Appendix Appendix A Informed consent letter My name is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦., an undergraduate student at †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. University carrying out a study on ‘the importance of ADLs and IADLs’. All information provided in this study will be treated with confidentiality and your identity shall not be disclosed. All information provided in this study will be treated with confidentiality and your identity shall not be disclosed. The participation in this study is on voluntary basis, and therefore you are free to accept or decline to take part in the study. Your cooperation shall be of great importance in achieving this goal. If you agree to take part in this study, please append only your signature below ____________________________________ ______________________ Respondent Signature Date Interviewer signature Date Appendix B Interview schedule Part 1: ADLs 1. How will you describe your ability to move in bed while you lie on it? Any difficulties? 2. Please describe your ability to use the washrooms. Any important information worthy noting? 3. Can you please describe to me your eating habits? Are you able to cut chew and swallow food independently or with supervision? Part 2: IADLs 1. Are you responsible for taking your medications? Yes [ ] No [ ] If NO in the above question, please explain. 2. Do you perform housekeeping chores? 3. How will you describe your use of the telephone? any reasons for that?